. Principles of electro-medicine, electrosurgery and radiology : a practical treatise for students and practitioners. With chapters on mechanical vibration and blood pressure technique . n of the rays. The Qualimeter, for example, is an in-strument consisting practically of a special form of electrostatic voltme-ter, which when connected with a single wire to the negative terminal ofthe generator, or the cathode of the X-ray tube, indicates any alterationin the vacuum of the tube whilst actually working. Electro-Medicine, Electro-Surgery and Radiology 107 PENETRAMETERS. Measuring of the approx
. Principles of electro-medicine, electrosurgery and radiology : a practical treatise for students and practitioners. With chapters on mechanical vibration and blood pressure technique . n of the rays. The Qualimeter, for example, is an in-strument consisting practically of a special form of electrostatic voltme-ter, which when connected with a single wire to the negative terminal ofthe generator, or the cathode of the X-ray tube, indicates any alterationin the vacuum of the tube whilst actually working. Electro-Medicine, Electro-Surgery and Radiology 107 PENETRAMETERS. Measuring of the approximate penetration ofrays is a very valuable and convenient guide to exposure in radiographicw^ork. This is accomplished by an instrument called penetrameter, ofwhich there are various forms, the most practical being Benoist, Bauer,and Walter. These penetrameters tell instantly how many inches ofhuman body the raj^s emanating from any tube will penetrate sufficientlyto give a fully detailed negative when exposed to correct time. Regulation of Tubes With continued use, all X-ray tubes tend to become higher in va-cuum, and eventually become so high as to be nearly useless. When this. Fig. 56—The arrangement of the Coolidge X-ray tube and meansof regulation of the storage battery with switch, the ammeter andrheostat. This tube stands the strain of six to eight milliamperesfor from four to six minutes without risk to the tube and manytimes daily. It also carries three to four milliamperes for tenminutes with safety and regularity. occurs, bright patches of green can be seen in different parts of the tube,and the current shows a disposition to the spray, on the part of the con-ducting wires. In order to be able to use again these tubes the vacuum must bereduced. This is accomplished by means of a regulator fitted on thetube; or if there is no regulator by reversing the polarity and runningthe current backwards for about an hour, so as to drive a sufficientnumber of corpuscles from
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