. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. S. JOHNSEN ET Figure 2. (A) The eye-flash squid Abralui vcrunyi. (B) The horned lanterntish Ceratoscopelus maderensis. (C) Counterillumination of .4. IVRIHVI. (D) Counlerillumination of C. maderensis. (E) Counterillumination of A. veranyi as viewed from below against the downwelling light. (F) Counterillumination of C maderensis as viewed from below against the downwelling light. Scale bar is 5 cm. Background in (E) and (F) is set to the average brightness of the counterilluminating animal. Panel B courtesy of Marine Bi
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. S. JOHNSEN ET Figure 2. (A) The eye-flash squid Abralui vcrunyi. (B) The horned lanterntish Ceratoscopelus maderensis. (C) Counterillumination of .4. IVRIHVI. (D) Counlerillumination of C. maderensis. (E) Counterillumination of A. veranyi as viewed from below against the downwelling light. (F) Counterillumination of C maderensis as viewed from below against the downwelling light. Scale bar is 5 cm. Background in (E) and (F) is set to the average brightness of the counterilluminating animal. Panel B courtesy of Marine Biological Laboratory Digital Archive, Flescher Fish Collection. course much dimmer (far beyond the reach of printed paper) and can only be seen by the dark-adapted eye. The intensified images are not perfect representations of the actual Counterillumination. The resolution of the images is low, and the photophore signals are slightly expanded due to "blooming" of the image at the detector array. In addi- tion, although Counterillumination is more stable than other bioluminescent signals, the images are static representations of potentially variable light emission. Indeed, a subset of the ventral photophores in A. reranvi was not lit in the studied image (Herring et til., 1992). This relatively low number of small photophores most likely would not change a spatial distribution that is already quite uniform. However, they may play a role in spectral changes. In C. nuulerensis, all the ventral photophores were emitting during the image expo- sure. Calculation of point spread functions and attenuation coefficients The PSFs in this study were determined using Monte Carlo software (BSFPSF ver. , developed by COM). Five million simulated photons were tracked from an iso- tropic point source (of unit power) to their point of inter- section with a sphere of radius 1 m. Although a PSF is defined as the image of a cosine point source, the use of an isotropic point source achi
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