. Atoll research bulletin. Coral reefs and islands; Marine biology; Marine sciences. 19 Relation to Tidal Levels The tsunami was superimposed on a mixed (diurnal and semidiurnal) tidal signal. In general, the arrival time of the initial tsunami waves coincided with low- or mid-tide. However, in some locations, the arrivals coincided with high tide, as at Vishakpatnam and Chennai, India (NIO, 2005); Langkawi and Penang Islands, Malaysia (Yalciner et al., 2005b), Port Louis, Mauritius and Port Elizabeth, South Africa (Merrifield et al., 2005). On the east coast of Sri Lanka, the tsunami waves co
. Atoll research bulletin. Coral reefs and islands; Marine biology; Marine sciences. 19 Relation to Tidal Levels The tsunami was superimposed on a mixed (diurnal and semidiurnal) tidal signal. In general, the arrival time of the initial tsunami waves coincided with low- or mid-tide. However, in some locations, the arrivals coincided with high tide, as at Vishakpatnam and Chennai, India (NIO, 2005); Langkawi and Penang Islands, Malaysia (Yalciner et al., 2005b), Port Louis, Mauritius and Port Elizabeth, South Africa (Merrifield et al., 2005). On the east coast of Sri Lanka, the tsunami waves coincided with high spring tides and close to the seasonal sea-level maximum but not on the west coast where the tidal phase is opposite to that of the east coast (Merrifield et al., 2005). Wave Characteristics: Field Measurements Table 3 consolidates reports on water-level elevations around the Indian Ocean for the December 2004 tsunami. There is considerable difficulty involved in the construction of a standardized, basin-wide assessment of tsunami physical impacts from the December 2004 event. Firstly, the majority of this information is in the form of non- quantitative visual imagery (often of a most dramatic and unpleasant kind) and where semi-quantitative estimates are available they often take the form of unsubstantiated media reports gathered from eyewitnesses often, literally, running for their lives. It is clear for several locations in Sri Lanka and southern India that these reports resulted in the overestimation of tsunami water depths. Secondly, where quantitative measurements are available it is not always clear as to what the heights quoted refer. Typical measures of tsunami characteristics include inundation distances, run-up elevation (the tsunami's height above mean sea level at its limit of penetration inland) and tsunami wave height (Fig. 15). There is frequent confusion between tsunami run-up and tsunami wave height in the various reports available. Run-up st
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