. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. FIG. 11-3 (a) profile of a podiol (mor) from sandy glacial till under coniferous forest In Maine (courtesy Charles E. Kellogg) (b) profile of a gray-brown podiolic soil (mull) formed from loess under oak-hickory in Iowa, (c) profile of a chernoiern formed from glacial drift under prairie in South Dakota—white spots are calcium carbonate, (d) profile of a sieroiem, a desertic soil, derived from alluvium under sagebrush in Nevada, (e) profile of a latosol derived from gneiss under broad-leaved evergreen forest in Brazil. Pinholes and larger channels, formed by r
. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. FIG. 11-3 (a) profile of a podiol (mor) from sandy glacial till under coniferous forest In Maine (courtesy Charles E. Kellogg) (b) profile of a gray-brown podiolic soil (mull) formed from loess under oak-hickory in Iowa, (c) profile of a chernoiern formed from glacial drift under prairie in South Dakota—white spots are calcium carbonate, (d) profile of a sieroiem, a desertic soil, derived from alluvium under sagebrush in Nevada, (e) profile of a latosol derived from gneiss under broad-leaved evergreen forest in Brazil. Pinholes and larger channels, formed by roots and insects, extend to 6 feet. Scale in feet and inches (courtesy Roy W. Simonson). The lettering along the margins of the profiles indicate the soil horizon: (see page 170).. An excess of some elements is harmful. Too much fluorine in drinking water causes motthng of teeth and possibly pathological changes. Selenium in soils of arid plains becomes dangerous when it reaches ppm, since some grasses, asters, and cer- tain legumes absorb and retain it in concentrations that can be highly injurious to herbivorous animals. Wild animals have apparently learned to avoid eating these particular plants, but domestic stock blunder into them, eat them, and die (Knight 1937). Certain plants concentrate specific elements, a factor which may afifect the food habits of animals. Black tupelo concentrates cobalt, and inkberry concentrates zinc to a much greater extent than do other species growing in the same areas (Beeson et al. 1955). Climate Water, temperature, and wind are important weather factors affecting soil formation. Water is an agent of rock erosion and transportation, sorting, and deposition of soil-building erosion products. Water freezes and expands in cracks and crevices of massive rock structures, breaking them into frag- ments and particles. Daily and seasonal heating and cooling cycles produce cracking because of different coefificients of expansion of the minerals
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookcollectionbiodive, booksubjectanimalecology
