. The era of the Civil War, 1848-1870 . lodestone for ambitious agriculturists from Tennessee and Ala-bama, even from far off Georgia — all eager to absorb thespirit that was transforming the prairies of Illinois into a gar-den state. With the first clash of arms the stream became aswollen torrent, bearing with it political refugees who refusedto remain in a slaveholding republic founded upon the ruinsof the old American union. The railroads developed a largebusiness transporting families, with their furniture and agri-cultural implements, to points in Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin;steamers ma
. The era of the Civil War, 1848-1870 . lodestone for ambitious agriculturists from Tennessee and Ala-bama, even from far off Georgia — all eager to absorb thespirit that was transforming the prairies of Illinois into a gar-den state. With the first clash of arms the stream became aswollen torrent, bearing with it political refugees who refusedto remain in a slaveholding republic founded upon the ruinsof the old American union. The railroads developed a largebusiness transporting families, with their furniture and agri-cultural implements, to points in Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin;steamers made their way up the Mississippi crowded withrefugee pilgrims to the land of freedom; swarms of Missouri-ans driven from their homes by secessionists crossed the riverto Illinois bringing their teams, cattle, and remaining worldlygoods1 — though some of these exiles returned to their homes 1 Rockford Register February 16, i86x;Rockford Republican, April 11,1861; Jonesboro Gazette, August 10, 1861; Quincy Whig clipped in Rockford 330. Population of Illinoisper Square Mile in1860 More than SO 40 to SO 30 to 40 20 to 30 Less than 20 POPULATION IN WARTIME 331 in Missouri when the state was swept clear of secession andorder was restored there. Victories of the union armies re-leased new streams from all the border states; this was par-ticularly noticeable in the spring of 1863, when the IllinoisCentral distributed hundreds of families from Virginia, Ten-nessee, Kentucky, and Missouri as candidates for the charityof the different communities. Friends and relatives in thoseparts of southern and central Illinois that had been settled byrecent immigrants from the border states welcomed the Many of these refugees were women and children whorepresented the bone and sinew of the upper south; the menwere usually in the southern or union armies, although somefled north to escape conscription. Many, too, belonged to theuneducated, non-slaveholding poor white class and present
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