. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 302 M. AND OSSENKOPP processing in various regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the major cleavage products have different affinities to the three major types of opioid re- ceptors: n, 5, and K (Hollt, 1986). These opioid peptides and receptors have now been identified in a variety of invertebrate taxa, strongly sug- gesting a phylogenetic conservation of opioid peptide structure and function (Kream el a/., 1980; Leung and Stefano, 1984, 1987; Scharrer el a/.. 1988; Zisper el 1988
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 302 M. AND OSSENKOPP processing in various regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the major cleavage products have different affinities to the three major types of opioid re- ceptors: n, 5, and K (Hollt, 1986). These opioid peptides and receptors have now been identified in a variety of invertebrate taxa, strongly sug- gesting a phylogenetic conservation of opioid peptide structure and function (Kream el a/., 1980; Leung and Stefano, 1984, 1987; Scharrer el a/.. 1988; Zisper el 1988; Leung et 1990; Santoro el 1990). Results of behavioral, electrophysiological, immunological, and pharmacological studies have shown that endogenous opioid peptides and exogenous opiate agonists and an- tagonists have behavioral and physiological actions in in- vertebrates resembling those induced in mammals (Ste- fano, 1982, 1989; Leung and Stefano, 1987; Stefano el 1989). Behavioral aspects Nociception. One of the primary roles of vertebrate opioid systems is the modulation of nociception and be- havioral responses to aversive and stressful stimuli (Besson and Chaouch, 1987; Kavaliers, 1989a). In nature, animals commonly encounter aversive stimuli that can influence their survival. To effectively respond to these stimuli, or- ganisms require: (i) a mechanism for recognizing aversive stimuli, (ii) a set of effectors that can react to the noxious stimulus, and (iii) a system for producing coordinated and directed movements and behavior in response to the stimuli. The ability of animals to recognize and physically react to aversive or noxious stimuli that can compromise their integrity is embodied in the term "nociception" (Sherrington, 1906). Nociceptors are preferentially sen- sitive to either a noxious stimulus or to an aversive stim- ulus that would become noxious if prolonged, and they code the intensity of the stimulus (Besson and Chaouch, 1987).
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
