. Electricity : its medical and surgical applications, including radiotherapy and phototherapy . ing the electrode a little wayfrom the surface, when a number of fine sparks will pass from theelectrode to the patient. These also cause stinging and hyperemia, andif too strong may cause ulceration. These discharges produce ozone A bipolar method may also be employed, which consists in connectingthe patient with one end of the solenoid by means of an electrode(Fig. 210) and applying the current frora the other end, as describedabove. For skin diseases, ulcers, and superficial inflammation, theele
. Electricity : its medical and surgical applications, including radiotherapy and phototherapy . ing the electrode a little wayfrom the surface, when a number of fine sparks will pass from theelectrode to the patient. These also cause stinging and hyperemia, andif too strong may cause ulceration. These discharges produce ozone A bipolar method may also be employed, which consists in connectingthe patient with one end of the solenoid by means of an electrode(Fig. 210) and applying the current frora the other end, as describedabove. For skin diseases, ulcers, and superficial inflammation, theelectrode should be applied directly to the part for from five to tenminutes. When deep-seated conditions, as neuritis, inflamed joints,etc., are being treated, the stronger effect produced by making the appli-cation through the clothing should be employed. If the part is sosituated that it cannot be applied through the clothing, the end of theelectrode may be covered with some woollen fabric (Fig. 209). If avery strong influence is desired, a condenser electrode (Fig. 207) maybe used. Fig. 209. Vacuum electrode covered with chamois skin. (Strong.^ If the part being treated is of considerable extent, the electrode canbe slid about so that the current reaches all desired parts, or such anelectrode as shown in Fig. 198 may be used. The vacuum electrode does not produce as great stimulation as theeffluve unless it is applied over clothing or covered with cloth, as inFig. 209. To relieve pain, a low vacuum tube is preferable. As theseapplications relieve stasis, promote phagocytosis, as they cause localhyperemia and cause the disappearance of exudates, they also relievepain, and hence have sedative effects also. Local stimulation can also be secured by using sponge or absorbentcotton covered electrodes (Fig. 210) attached to the DArsonval the interruptions are comparatively slow (200,000), muscle contrac-tions and a sensation similar to those obtained from the sinusoidalcurren
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