. Lateral curvature of the spine and round shoulders . Fig. i8.—Flexion of the Spine in the Model. The dorsal region in extreme flexion becomes decidedly more convex than inthe upright position. The twelfth dorsal vertebra takes part in flexion more as alumbar than as a dorsal vertebra, and free movement occurs below it and fairlyfree movement between the eleventh and twelfth vertebras. The cervical region cannot be accurately observed or measured in the the cadaver it dries so rapidly that no conclusions can be drawn beyond thestatement that its forward convexity may be obliterated b
. Lateral curvature of the spine and round shoulders . Fig. i8.—Flexion of the Spine in the Model. The dorsal region in extreme flexion becomes decidedly more convex than inthe upright position. The twelfth dorsal vertebra takes part in flexion more as alumbar than as a dorsal vertebra, and free movement occurs below it and fairlyfree movement between the eleventh and twelfth vertebras. The cervical region cannot be accurately observed or measured in the the cadaver it dries so rapidly that no conclusions can be drawn beyond thestatement that its forward convexity may be obliterated by forcible flexion •withthe hands. FLEXION. 25 The most marked flexion of the spine may be obtained by having the modelsit cross-legged and bend forward with the chest between the knees. Extremepassive flexion with the model lying on the side is not so great as that obtained byflexion in the cross-legged position. In flexion the distance of the seventh cervical vertebra from the sacrum when. Fig. Tg.—Hyperextension in the head is supported to secure steadiness. measured along the spinous processes is increased over the same measurementtaken in standing or lying. There seems to be no constant difference in the amount of flexion obtained inthe standing and sitting positions, the resultant curve being practically the chief difference between flexion in the model and cadaver seems to consistin a greater relative participation of the dorsal region in flexion in the model. Measurements and .racings of the spine in the model and in children showthe relaxed sitting position to be one of slight flexion. 26 THE MO\^EMENTS OF THE SPINE. HYPEREXTENSION (BACKWARD BENDING).Hyperextension is a pure anteroposterior movement of the spine withoutperceptible rotation. It is not an evenly distributed movement, but occurs almostwholly in the lumbar and lower two dorsal vertebra. A tracing taken over thespinous processes in extreme hyperextension in outline resembles a hoc
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