. The chordates. Chordata. Oe Fig. 351. Vertebral column of frog; dorsal view. (Ob) Neural arch of first vertebra; (Oc) uro- style; (Pa) articulating processes; (Ps) neural spine of trunk vertebra; (Pf) transverse process; (Pic) transverse processes of caudal vertebrae which are fused into the uro- style; (/?) ribs; (Sg) right facet articulating with right occipital condyle of skull; (SW) sacral verte- bra; (Tb) first (cervical) vertebra. (Courtesy, Wiedersheim: "Grundriss der vergleichenden Anat- omie der Wirbeltiere," Jena, Gustav Fischer.) indicates that it is constituted of sever
. The chordates. Chordata. Oe Fig. 351. Vertebral column of frog; dorsal view. (Ob) Neural arch of first vertebra; (Oc) uro- style; (Pa) articulating processes; (Ps) neural spine of trunk vertebra; (Pf) transverse process; (Pic) transverse processes of caudal vertebrae which are fused into the uro- style; (/?) ribs; (Sg) right facet articulating with right occipital condyle of skull; (SW) sacral verte- bra; (Tb) first (cervical) vertebra. (Courtesy, Wiedersheim: "Grundriss der vergleichenden Anat- omie der Wirbeltiere," Jena, Gustav Fischer.) indicates that it is constituted of several (perhaps in some cases as many as 12) vertebrae fused together (Fig. 351). In vertebrates in general, it is customary to designate as "caudal" all vertebrae that lie behind the sacrum. In this sense the urostyle ("uro-" meaning "tail") is a caudal structure, but in a strict sense it is not caudal and the adult anuran has no tail. The vertebrae in Anura are more solidly ossified than in most other amphibians and the adults ordinarily do not retain vestiges of the embryonic noto- chord, whereas in many adult urodeles remnants of the notochord may, to varying extents, persist. Further, in contrast to "lower" (less specialized) urodeles whose vertebral centra are commonly bicon- cave (amphicoelous) like those of fishes, the centra of Anura are usu-. Fig. 352. Head of bullfrog, Rana cafesbeiana, showing tympanic mem- brane just behind eye. (By permission from "Biology of the Amphibia," by G. K. Noble, copyrighted 1931. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Rand, Herbert W. (Herbert Wilbur), 1872-1960. Philadelphia : Blakiston
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