Medieval and modern times; an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . e been carried on in what would seem to us a slow and primitivefashion. A great part of themanufacturing still tookplace in little shopswhere the articles whencompleted were offeredfor sale. Generally allthose who owned theseveral shops carryingon a particular trade,such as. tailoring, shoe-making, baking, tan-ning, bookbinding, haircutting, or the mak-ing of candles, knives,hats, artificial flowers,swords, or wigs, wereorganized into a guild— a union — the
Medieval and modern times; an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . e been carried on in what would seem to us a slow and primitivefashion. A great part of themanufacturing still tookplace in little shopswhere the articles whencompleted were offeredfor sale. Generally allthose who owned theseveral shops carryingon a particular trade,such as. tailoring, shoe-making, baking, tan-ning, bookbinding, haircutting, or the mak-ing of candles, knives,hats, artificial flowers,swords, or wigs, wereorganized into a guild— a union — the mainobject of which was to prevent all other citizens from makingor selling the articles in which the members of the guild number of master workmen who might open a shop oftheir own was often limited by the guild, as well as the num-ber of apprentices each master could train. The period ofapprenticeship was long, sometimes seven or even nine years,on the ground that it took years to learn the trade properly,but really because the guild wished to maintain its monopolyby keeping down the number who could become Fig. 124. Public Letter Writer Since most common people could not reador write, they had to employ letter writers,who often had stalls like this along the street General Conditions in the Eighteenth Century 449 When the apprenticeship was over, the workman became a journeyman and might never perhaps become a masterworkman and open a shop of his own. Everywhere a workman had to stick to his trade; if a cob- Strife amongbier should venture to make a pair of new boots, or a bakershould roast a piece of meat in his oven, he might be expelledfrom the guild unless he made amends. In Paris a hatter, whohad greatly increased his trade by making hats of wool mixedwith silk, had his stock destroyed by the guild authorities onthe ground that the rules permitted hats to be made only ofwool and said nothing of silk. The guilds differed from the modern trade uni
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