. Railroad construction : theory and practice : a textbook for the use of students in colleges and technical schools . 222 RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION. § 191. between two parallel vertical head walls, as sketched in , a. From a hydraulic standpoint the design is poor, as thewater eddies around the corners, causing a great resistancewhich decreases the flow. Fig. 102, h, shows a much better de-. FiG. 102.—Types of Culverts. sign in many respects, but much depends on the details of thedesign as indicated in elements (b) and {d). As a general thinga good hydraulic design requires complicated and
. Railroad construction : theory and practice : a textbook for the use of students in colleges and technical schools . 222 RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION. § 191. between two parallel vertical head walls, as sketched in , a. From a hydraulic standpoint the design is poor, as thewater eddies around the corners, causing a great resistancewhich decreases the flow. Fig. 102, h, shows a much better de-. FiG. 102.—Types of Culverts. sign in many respects, but much depends on the details of thedesign as indicated in elements (b) and {d). As a general thinga good hydraulic design requires complicated and expensivemasonry construction, , elements (6) and {d) are 102, c, is sometimes inapplicable because the water isliable to work in behind the masonry during floods and perhapscause scour. This design uses less masonry than (a) or {h). 192. Example of arch culvert design. In Plate IV is shownthe design for an 8-foot arch culvert according to the standardof the Norfolk and Western R. R. Note that the plan uses theflaring wing walls (Fig. 102, h) on the up-stream side (thusprotecting the abutments from scour) and straight wing walla(similar to Fig. 102, c) on the down-stream end. This econo-mizes masonry and also simplifies the constructive work. Notealso the simplicity of the junction of the wing walls with thebarrel of the arch, there being no re-entrant angles below
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