. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology. 110 PAUL HIGH oberli ALPINE personatus ladakhensis ALPINE kashmirensis himalayanus keriensis MESIC rufofasciatus SUBALPINE biroi avinoviellus ARID sublypicus SUBALPINE semenovianus STEPPE asiaiicus melanurus UPPER lepidus FOREST lucorum hypnorum pyrosoma LOWER tunicatus FOREST simillimus irifasciatus haemorrhoidalis ^^ e 09 e^ e^ e^ o o Predominant local colour patterns of workers: Type lAl yellow banded/ Type IB J unbanded thorax @ Type 2A ] grey-white © Type 2B J banded thorax A Type 3 black thorax. Altitude 6000 -5000
. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology. 110 PAUL HIGH oberli ALPINE personatus ladakhensis ALPINE kashmirensis himalayanus keriensis MESIC rufofasciatus SUBALPINE biroi avinoviellus ARID sublypicus SUBALPINE semenovianus STEPPE asiaiicus melanurus UPPER lepidus FOREST lucorum hypnorum pyrosoma LOWER tunicatus FOREST simillimus irifasciatus haemorrhoidalis ^^ e 09 e^ e^ e^ o o Predominant local colour patterns of workers: Type lAl yellow banded/ Type IB J unbanded thorax @ Type 2A ] grey-white © Type 2B J banded thorax A Type 3 black thorax. Altitude 6000 -5000 -4000 3000 -2000 - 1000 0 Fig. 12 Distribution of the social species of bumble bees ( excluding species of the subgenus Psithyrus) and their local colour patterns across the Himalaya. Only the locally predominant patterns among the workers are represented. Triangles show the most abundant species at each locality. B. lemniscatus is not included for lack of information. it has rather few species (Fig. 6). This may be partly because the abundance of food-plants is particularly uneven, although the relationship between diversity of food-plants and diversity of bees may not be straightforward (Williams, 1989). Pedicularis punctata and Prunella vulgaris are by far the most abundant of the food-plants used by bumble bees in the meadow. The meadow is often extensively flooded and some areas around streams are permanently marshy, although these plants are apparently tolerant of water-logged soil. Most of the more abundant species of bumble bees in the meadow, such as B. tunicatus and B. pyrosoma, are also among the most common species in the forest. Nests of both species have been found in the forest, but not in the meadow, so it may be that many of their foragers commute from nests in the forest to the richer resources in the meadow. B. asiaticus is unusual because it is both abundant on Gulmarg meadow and gener- ally associated with open habitats. The locality at the highest al
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