. Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Essex Institute; Natural history; genealogy. 154 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Friederichs has stated that some have conceived it to be a caltrop, and rightly says it could not be of service in this way on account of the bluntness of the spines. A comparison with the ancient Tribulus (Fig. 8) shows an entirely different device. The Tribulus was a ball of metal from which sprang four sharp spikes so that in what- ever manner it was flung upon the ground one spike always pointed upward. In this connection it may be remarked that Furtwangler in his Olympia, f
. Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Essex Institute; Natural history; genealogy. 154 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Friederichs has stated that some have conceived it to be a caltrop, and rightly says it could not be of service in this way on account of the bluntness of the spines. A comparison with the ancient Tribulus (Fig. 8) shows an entirely different device. The Tribulus was a ball of metal from which sprang four sharp spikes so that in what- ever manner it was flung upon the ground one spike always pointed upward. In this connection it may be remarked that Furtwangler in his Olympia, figures a single flat ring from which spring three sharp spines (Fig 9), and he queries fig. s. whether this was allied to the bow-puller. It is barely possible, though hardly probable, that this might have been a form of caltrop. We can hardly im- agine what Friederichs' technical friend had in mind when he suggested that the bow-puller was a kind of screw- driver, for it seems impossible that any implement for drawing or pulling out any fixed object could remotely resemble the bow-puller. Pellegrino Strobel under the title Anelli gemini Problematica (Bulletin di Palet- nologia Italiana xvi, 1888), presents the results of his study of a number of speci- mens preserved in the Museum at Parma. His material consisted of fourteen bronze ones and two of iron. The larger number of these were three pointed but as the double spines were in some cases united nearly to their tips he regarded them as bicuspid. These, as I have already shown, should be regarded as tricuspid, and in a later paper Strobel so regards them. Of the fifteen speci- mens described, twelve had three spines, and three had four spines. In two of the implements the front spine was bent inward and was also slightly longer than the paired Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may
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