. Compendium of meteorology. Meteorology. TREE-RING INDICES OF RAINFALL, TEMPERATURE, AND RIVER FLOW 102c Methods [8]. Some special techniques of dendro- chronology which have been found of value but which can only be mentioned here, are (1) use of the Swedish increment borer, which permits wide and rapid core sampling, (2) mounting and surfacing of cores in such a fashion as to permit ease and rapidity of cross-com- parison of gross features as well as good definition of cell structure under the microscope, (3) elimination of individual age trends (varying mean growth rates) in order to avera
. Compendium of meteorology. Meteorology. TREE-RING INDICES OF RAINFALL, TEMPERATURE, AND RIVER FLOW 102c Methods [8]. Some special techniques of dendro- chronology which have been found of value but which can only be mentioned here, are (1) use of the Swedish increment borer, which permits wide and rapid core sampling, (2) mounting and surfacing of cores in such a fashion as to permit ease and rapidity of cross-com- parison of gross features as well as good definition of cell structure under the microscope, (3) elimination of individual age trends (varying mean growth rates) in order to average the ring records in uneven-aged trees of a set and thus remove a part of the ever-present random term in the growth of each tree and make the data for different time intervals comparable, (4) use of extensive areal averages to remove still more of the random term in the mean growth at each site, and (5) use of skeleton plots as a reconnaissance tool in archaeo- logical dating. Errors in the Unit. Possible errors in dendrochrono- logic series are of two types: (1) identification of growth irregularities, such as locally absent or false rings, and cypress, are so subject to false-ring layering as to be unusable in chronology building. Errors of Interpretation. It has long been accepted as a botanical axiom that the absolute growth of plants is subject to a matrix of environmental and transmitted factors, whose interactions are extremely complex [15]. Even when the problem is simplified by the use of growth departures, it appears that only on sites critically limited with respect to an important growth element, such as rainfall, can such departures be highly repre- sentative of that element. There may be hidden effects in the growth record of past fires, pest outbreaks, mechanical injury, changes in associated flora or micro- organisms, and other factors. Some species are char- acterized by an inherent tendency to nonuniform cam- bial activity, so that the ring series along any
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