. Advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology : essays in honor of Ernest E. Williams. Williams, Ernest E. (Ernest Edward); Herpetology; Evolution. Figure 5. Suggested areas of origin (stippled) and later dispersals (arrows) in the families of iguanians. Iguanid subgroups formed after vicariant separation of South America and Africa; opiurines relict in i\/ladagascar; Late Cretaceous or Early Cenozoic dispersal of iguanids to North America and in the Eocene, apparently, to Europe. Agamid subgroups formed by vicariance following separation of Southeast Asia, Australia and India; dispersal
. Advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology : essays in honor of Ernest E. Williams. Williams, Ernest E. (Ernest Edward); Herpetology; Evolution. Figure 5. Suggested areas of origin (stippled) and later dispersals (arrows) in the families of iguanians. Iguanid subgroups formed after vicariant separation of South America and Africa; opiurines relict in i\/ladagascar; Late Cretaceous or Early Cenozoic dispersal of iguanids to North America and in the Eocene, apparently, to Europe. Agamid subgroups formed by vicariance following separation of Southeast Asia, Australia and India; dispersal of agamids into Europe and North America in the Eocene (North American route chosen here; possible Bering route shown as dotted line). Chamaeleonids disperse to Europe in Miocene; to India after collision with Asia (not shown). Map data as in Figure 3. Dates in or at end of arrows represent earliest known pre-Pleistocene fossils of the group in that area. See text for further explanation. confirms this as dispersal. Some Asian agamids also invaded Africa and India in the Cenozoic in a limited way {Agama, Uromastyx, Leiolepis). Agama and Uromastyx reached Europe no later than the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene, either from Asia Minor or Africa, with Agama persisting in Europe until the Early Pleistocene (it still occurs there peripherally). It is likely that the chamae- leonids reached India as a result of range extension in the Early or Middle Ceno- zoic, after collision of India with Asia. While there is no present record of such an extension during Eocene tropicality, the group had reached Central Europe by the Miocene return of tropical conditions (see , Cracraft, 1973a). Cracraft (1973b, 1975) suggested that agamids and chamaeleonids diverged after separation of South America and Africa in the Middle Cretaceous; it is likely to have been earlier than that time. A major unanswered question in iguanid distribution is the absence of iguanids in Africa today. If a few have
Size: 1312px × 1904px
Photo credit: © Library Book Collection / Alamy / Afripics
License: Licensed
Model Released: No
Keywords: ., bookauthorharvarduniver, bookcentury1900, booksubjectherpetology
