. The mastery of water. vanes—^ Water at ^&m/^/mm/mmwmv{Low Pressurp. Revolving WhftelDIAGRAM OF AN OUTWARD FLOW TURBINE. is also effective, because it tends to break away and forma vacuum below the moving blades. In order to get as large a fall as possible, the wateris sometimes led for miles across country in open channelsor flumes, or in steel pipes. It crosses low ground onbridges, and is conveyed through mountains by tunnels,which in many cases add enormously to the cost of theworks. Water power is cheap because the water costsnothing, but the works are generally very expensive. Themost i
. The mastery of water. vanes—^ Water at ^&m/^/mm/mmwmv{Low Pressurp. Revolving WhftelDIAGRAM OF AN OUTWARD FLOW TURBINE. is also effective, because it tends to break away and forma vacuum below the moving blades. In order to get as large a fall as possible, the wateris sometimes led for miles across country in open channelsor flumes, or in steel pipes. It crosses low ground onbridges, and is conveyed through mountains by tunnels,which in many cases add enormously to the cost of theworks. Water power is cheap because the water costsnothing, but the works are generally very expensive. Themost important condition is that there should be a con-stant supply. A number of water-power stations whichtake their water from rivers without any arrangements WATER WHEELS AND TURBINES. 145 for storage have to shut down in dry seasons—^anirregularity which is disastrous in modern industry. So Shaft ofWater. Vanes fixedto Wheel Guides fixedto Casing Section cut through OF A FRANCIS TURBINE (iNWARD FLOW). we shall find that, if no natural lake is available, one hasto be formed by a dam, just as in the case of irrigationand the water supply of towns. 146 THE MASTERY OF WATER. And now that you have some idea of the way in whichwater is utihsed, let us set off on a tour round the worldand look at some of the places where man is controllingthe river and training the torrent to drive his factoriesand workshops in the twentieth century. CHAPTER XXIII. Levying Toll on Niagara. If ten people were asked to give the name of a famouswaterfall, nine of them would say Niagara. For the Fallsof Niagara are mentioned in every book on geography ;they are visited by every tourist who goes to Canadaand have shared in the publicity which has been givento the most widely advertised country in the BritishEmpire. While not by any means the largest falls inthe world, they are the nearest to civilisati
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