. The brain in hominid evolution. Human evolution; Brain; Fossil hominids. Figure 7: Partial endocast of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein, to show the clear markings of the sagittal suture (A) and of the lambdoid suture (B). As standardized, for example, by Breitinger (1936), this method has been widely used in studies on long series of modern skulls. All three methods—the determination of the volume of a natural and of an artificial endocast, and the determination of the capacity of the braincase —provide one with an assessment of the volume of the space within the cranium. They d
. The brain in hominid evolution. Human evolution; Brain; Fossil hominids. Figure 7: Partial endocast of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein, to show the clear markings of the sagittal suture (A) and of the lambdoid suture (B). As standardized, for example, by Breitinger (1936), this method has been widely used in studies on long series of modern skulls. All three methods—the determination of the volume of a natural and of an artificial endocast, and the determination of the capacity of the braincase —provide one with an assessment of the volume of the space within the cranium. They do not provide us with the volume of the brain as such. For it must be remembered that the cranial cavity accommodates a great deal more than simply brain. Thus, when we say that a skull has an endocranial capacity of 1400 , this includes the roots and intracranial trunks of no fewer than 24 cranial nerves, the thick outer brain covering, or dura mater, the 2 thinner coverings, or leptomeninges, namely the arachnoid and pia mater, the subarachnoid space and its enlargements, the cisterns, containing cerebrospinal fluid, numerous blood vessels including larger meningeal and cerebral arteries and veins, and the enlarged venous channels called cranial venous sinuses, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, only a proportion of the cranial capacity is made up of brain ^ 8. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Tobias, Phillip V. New York : Columbia University Press
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