. Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy. Anatomy. 112 OSTEOLOGY but faintly marked. The anterior extremity of the rib is thickened and often ex- panded for the reception of its costal cartilage, which is not infrequently ossified. Here on the upper surface are attached the costo-clavicular ligament and the sub- clavius muscle. The inferior surface of the rib is smooth and is covered by pleura. The outer convex border, thin in front, is usually thick and rough behind the subclavian groove, where it has attached to it the fibres of the first digitation of the serratus anterior. Along this edge, also
. Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy. Anatomy. 112 OSTEOLOGY but faintly marked. The anterior extremity of the rib is thickened and often ex- panded for the reception of its costal cartilage, which is not infrequently ossified. Here on the upper surface are attached the costo-clavicular ligament and the sub- clavius muscle. The inferior surface of the rib is smooth and is covered by pleura. The outer convex border, thin in front, is usually thick and rough behind the subclavian groove, where it has attached to it the fibres of the first digitation of the serratus anterior. Along this edge, also, are attached the external and internal intercostal muscles of the first intercostal space. The inner concave border is thin, and has connected with it the aponeurotic expansion known as Sibson's fascia. The second rib may be distinguished by the size of its curve; the absence of any twist on its shaft, so that it can be laid flat on the table; the oblique direction of the surfaces of its shaft, the lateral being directed upwards and outwards, whilst the inner is turned downwards and inwards; and the presence of a well-marked, rough, oval area about the middle of its lateral surface and lower border for part of the first, and the whole of the second digitation of the serratus anterior muscle. The head has two facets, and the angle is close to the tubercle posteriorly. The tenth rib has usually only a single articular facet on the head, and may or may not have a facet on the tubercle. The eleventh and twelfth ribs are recognised by their length. Their heads, usually large in proportion to their shafts, support a single facet for articulation with the eleventh and twelfth thoracic vertebrae respectively. The tubercles are ill- developed and have no articular facets. The angle is faintly marked on the eleventh, scarcely per- ceptible on the twelfth. Their anterior extremi- ties are narrow and pointed and tipped with cartilage. The costal groove is absent in the twelfth, and but s
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