. Advanced biology. Biology; Physiology; Reproduction. VACCINATION 469 Vaccination. Immunity to typhoid may be gained artificially through vaccination. In the case of smallpox vaccine, the germ material was weakened through cultivating it in animals. In preparing typhoid vaccine, the bacilli are first grown on agar, then killed bv heat, and a little carbolic acid is added to the vac- cine for a preservative. When this material is used as a vaccine, the presence of the dead bacilli stimulates the body to make bac- teriolysins and agglutinins. Thus a vaccinated person is pro- tected against the
. Advanced biology. Biology; Physiology; Reproduction. VACCINATION 469 Vaccination. Immunity to typhoid may be gained artificially through vaccination. In the case of smallpox vaccine, the germ material was weakened through cultivating it in animals. In preparing typhoid vaccine, the bacilli are first grown on agar, then killed bv heat, and a little carbolic acid is added to the vac- cine for a preservative. When this material is used as a vaccine, the presence of the dead bacilli stimulates the body to make bac- teriolysins and agglutinins. Thus a vaccinated person is pro- tected against the invasion of living germs. Usually three inoculations of vaccine are given, each being seven days apart. Very few people are made ill by typhoid vaccination. If the person is likely to come in contact with paratyphoid, which is a disease somewhat similar to typhoid, he is given a combination vaccine of typhoid and paratyphoid. For most people living in the United States or visiting here, the typhoid vaccine is sufficient, because there are few cases of paratyphoid in the United States. The investigation of a t5rpical epi- demic. During November, 1924, there was a noticeable rise in the number of typhoid fever cases in New York city. This continued through January, 1925. Of the 914 cases recorded in this outbreak, 116 of the residents, and 59 nonresidents who were included in the 914 cases, gave a history of having been out-of-town during the period immediately before their illness. The majority of these had eaten oysters while out-of-town. About 18 per cent of the cases probably acquired their infections in. These organisms are commonly present in the intestine of man. Their presence in swimming pools indicates the possibility of contami- nation by human excreta. This might also indicate the possible presence of typhoid bacilli. Bac- teriological examinations of water in swimming pools are frequently made to determine the presence of bacterium coli. Their presence would make the
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