Iraq: The opening page of Ibn Butlan's Taqwim al-sihha or 'Maintenance of Health'. Taken from a manuscript volume dating from the 17th-18th century and acquired in Erbil, Iraq (UN National Library of Medicine, Bethesda). The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook on health and wellbeing, based on the Taqwim al‑sihha, an eleventh-century Arab medical treatise by Ibn Butlan of Baghdad. Ibn Butlân was a Christian physician born in Baghdad and who died in 1068. He set forth six elements necessary to maintain daily health.

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