. Steel rails; their history, properties, strength and manufacture, with notes on the principles of rolling stock and track design . - Ballast Experir - Schubert. Stone with thin layer of sand. Finally, the behavior of a foundation layer was investigated, and afterthe fourth tamping the section shown in Fig. 137 was taken. The stones ofthe foundation layer have penetrated the clay rather deep, and not only thosein the center, but also stones on the sides, from which we can conclude that. Fig. 137. — Ballast Experiments — Schubert. Stone resting on clay subgrade. the force transmitted through t
. Steel rails; their history, properties, strength and manufacture, with notes on the principles of rolling stock and track design . - Ballast Experir - Schubert. Stone with thin layer of sand. Finally, the behavior of a foundation layer was investigated, and afterthe fourth tamping the section shown in Fig. 137 was taken. The stones ofthe foundation layer have penetrated the clay rather deep, and not only thosein the center, but also stones on the sides, from which we can conclude that. Fig. 137. — Ballast Experiments — Schubert. Stone resting on clay subgrade. the force transmitted through the tie has distributed itself nearly over theentire width of the box. Hence, the most favorable distribution of forces is accomplished by theuse of ballast of broken stone, with or without a foundation layer. The latteris, however, not suitable in a yielding subgrade, inasmuch as the stones pene-trate into the grade, and the yielding soil will swell into the spaces, thus makingthe drainage ineffective. The effect of overloading the subgrade is very clearly shown in Fig. 138. SUPPORTS OF THE RAIL 183 * The road department of the Pennsylvania Railroad has installed aninteresting piece of apparatus on the grounds of the South Altoona foundryto test the bearing qualities of different kinds of roadway and ballast. The
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