[Electric engineering.] . pipesshould be guarded against by sealing the upper endof the fixture. d. No combination fixture in which the con-ductors are concealed in a space less than \ inchbetween the inside pipe and the outside casing willbe approved. e. Must be tested for contacts between conduct-ors, and fixture, for short circuits, and for groundconnections before they are connected to theirsupply conductors. f. Ceiling blocks for fixtures should be made ofinsulating material; if not, the wires in passingthrough the plate must be surrounded with non-combustible, non-absorptive insulating m
[Electric engineering.] . pipesshould be guarded against by sealing the upper endof the fixture. d. No combination fixture in which the con-ductors are concealed in a space less than \ inchbetween the inside pipe and the outside casing willbe approved. e. Must be tested for contacts between conduct-ors, and fixture, for short circuits, and for groundconnections before they are connected to theirsupply conductors. f. Ceiling blocks for fixtures should be made ofinsulating material; if not, the wires in passingthrough the plate must be surrounded with non-combustible, non-absorptive insulating material,such as glass or porcelain. 42. Great care should be taken to see that the socketsare good, and also that they are strong enough to bear the 27 INTERIOR WIRING. 45 weight of shades. Faulty sockets are more likely to causetrouble on fixtures than on drop cords, for the socket itselfis always grounded on the fixture, and if either wirebecomes grounded on the socket shell, it is in consequencegrounded on the fig. 35. INSULATING JOINTS. 43. The insulating joint is the most important elec-trical fitting used in fixture work. Joints are made for allpossible 25 shows a verygood style; piece ascrews on to the gaspipe and b to the fix-ture. The parts areseparated by insula-ting material e, andthe outside of the joint is covered with molded insulation connecting fixtures to the wiring, all wires should bekept away from the gas pipe above the joint, but they maybe bunched in below the insulating joint after the wireshave been spliced, soldered, and taped. It is very impor-tant to protect the gas pipe at this joints should be tested beforebeing used. Canopy insulators should beinstalled wherever there are metal ceil-ings against which the canopies of fixturesmight come. The canopy is the brasscup-shaped piece used at the top of fix-fig. 26. tures to cover the joint. It is in contact with the fixture; hence, it is important that it b
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