. Anatomischer Anzeiger. Anatomy, Comparative; Anatomy, Comparative. 178 of cartilage on the intrapulmonary bronchi at a greater distance than one inch from the hilum. The conclusion inevitably formed from these considerations was that the pleural cavity is normally absent in elephants. It seemed advisable to investigate the conditions of respiration in these animals to find out, if possible, the cause for such a striking pecularity. It is often stated that the herbivora as a class differ from the Carnivora in their respiration. In many of the former, there is, prac- tically speaking, no diaph
. Anatomischer Anzeiger. Anatomy, Comparative; Anatomy, Comparative. 178 of cartilage on the intrapulmonary bronchi at a greater distance than one inch from the hilum. The conclusion inevitably formed from these considerations was that the pleural cavity is normally absent in elephants. It seemed advisable to investigate the conditions of respiration in these animals to find out, if possible, the cause for such a striking pecularity. It is often stated that the herbivora as a class differ from the Carnivora in their respiration. In many of the former, there is, prac- tically speaking, no diaphragmatic respiration. Clinical examination of respiration in elephants is not parti- cularly appreciated by the animals themselves. But as a result of inquiry in one Indian and two African speci- mens, it could be fairly definitely shown that, contrary to my usual findings among Ungulata, thoracic respiration is negligible in these ani- mals, and diaphragmatic action is most important. These conclusions were obtained by inspection and pal- pation of the whole thoracic and ab- dominal walls. The diaphragmatic movement is intensified on taking a deep inspiration which can be in- duced by bringing the animal to its pond to drink. In order to fill its trunk with fluid it must inspire deeply and the marked filling of the flanks consequent on the descent of the kidneys and other viscera is plainly apparent. The important role played by the diaphragm in respiration in this animal is indicated by several ana- tomical features. 1. The pillars of the diaphragm are enormously developed. Note. In view of the discrepancy of opinion on the modes of respiration in animals, this subject it as present being investigated Fig. 1. LoDgitudinal section of lung of elephant showing the naked- eye appearance of a laige intrapul- monary bronchus ( cm. diameter), half natural size. The cut bronchi (B) show longitudinal rugae of their mu- cous membrane. Their wall is thicii and of a firm consis
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