Franz Joseph Gall, German physician and founder of Phrenology, c1790. Artist: Unknown

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Franz Joseph Gall, German physician and founder of Phrenology, c1820. Phrenology was a theory, propounded by Gall (1758-1828) in around 1800, that you could judge a person's emotional and intellectual characteristics by the shape of their cranium. Although not based on fact, the theory became extremely popular.

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Photo credit: © Oxford Science Archive/Heritage Images / Alamy / Afripics
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