Elements of plumbing . ctor in the evolution of the water closet. With thisimprovement it became possible to do away with the box-ing-in of the bowl which up to this time had been bowls of today are made of vitreous body which doesnot permit crazing or discoloring of the ware. A study ofthe illustrations which show the evolution of the closetbowl should be of interest to the student as well as to theapprentice and journeyman. The bath tub developedfrom a gouged-out stone, in which water could be stored andused for bathing purposes, to our present-day enameled ironand earthenwa
Elements of plumbing . ctor in the evolution of the water closet. With thisimprovement it became possible to do away with the box-ing-in of the bowl which up to this time had been bowls of today are made of vitreous body which doesnot permit crazing or discoloring of the ware. A study ofthe illustrations which show the evolution of the closetbowl should be of interest to the student as well as to theapprentice and journeyman. The bath tub developedfrom a gouged-out stone, in which water could be stored andused for bathing purposes, to our present-day enameled ironand earthenware tubs. The development did not progressvery rapidly until about 25 years ago. Since then every 6 ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING feature of the tub has been improved, and from a sanitarystandpoint the tubs of today cannot be improved. Thebath tub has become an American custom, as the peoplein this country have demanded that they have sanitaryequipment in their homes, while in the European countriesthis demand has not Fig. 5.—Modern low-tank closet. The first tubs used in this country were of wood lined withcopper or zinc, and were built in or boxed in with woodpanelling. The plumbing ordinances of today prohibitthis boxing as it proved to be a breeding place for vermin,etc. As the illustration shows, the woodwork encasingthe tub was in a great many cases beautifully carved andfinished. The placing on the market of a steel-clad tub, a steeltub with a copper lining, which did away with the boxing, PLUMBING FIXTURES AND TRADE 7 was a big improvement as far as sanitary reasons wereconcerned as well as a reduction in cost of tubs. Thesetubs were set up on legs which permitted cleaning andprovided good ventilation all around. With these featuresthey drove all other tubs from the market. The copper
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