. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. Evolution of Ground Tyrants • Smith and Vuillemnier 245. Figure 3. Some Visible Displays of Muscisox/co/o alb/loro: 3a. minimal Wing Raising with one wing, and slight Head Bow; 3b. Wing Raising with synchronous fluttering of both wings; 3c. asynchronous Wing Raising with Crown Ruffled, and ruffling of the flanks and chest. foraging. One or both may "casually" lift one wing very slightly (Fig. 3a) without other display, and not facing its opponent. In such instances no fights result, and the birds usually go
. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. Evolution of Ground Tyrants • Smith and Vuillemnier 245. Figure 3. Some Visible Displays of Muscisox/co/o alb/loro: 3a. minimal Wing Raising with one wing, and slight Head Bow; 3b. Wing Raising with synchronous fluttering of both wings; 3c. asynchronous Wing Raising with Crown Ruffled, and ruffling of the flanks and chest. foraging. One or both may "casually" lift one wing very slightly (Fig. 3a) without other display, and not facing its opponent. In such instances no fights result, and the birds usually go their separate ways. There may be fights, however, when two or more pairs come together after prebreed- ing flocks have scattered. Simple raising of one wing by one or more individuals comes early in such encounters; later the movement becomes jerky and abrupt, and the second wing begins to be jerked slightly up. Often the two wings are lifted to different extents and asynchronously, or both are raised at once and wagged ir- regularly in an asynchronous, "semaphor- ing" pattern emphasized by the pale color of the wing undersurfaces. Less commonly, both are lifted high over the back and fluttered in unison (Fig. 3b). Rarely, a bird in this pose flies perhaps three to five meters between two rocks, still with its wings high and fluttering. This resembles part of the Aerial Display, and it is likely that Wing Raising and that display inter- grade, although I have not seen the re- maining intermediates. Any flight during a Wing Raising encounter will likely ter- minate with the wings held high, and partial raising in what appears to be a flight intention movement is common be- tween bouts of Wing Raising. The tail is fully spread in most forms of the display, but not flicked. The flanks and chest are ruffled during at least some phases, and the Crown Ruffled accompanies all but the simplest forms (Fig. 3c). Thus Wing Raising shows several special plumage features: pale
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