. Steel rails; their history, properties, strength and manufacture, with notes on the principles of rolling stock and track design . oak is indigenous, and up to quite recently all the crossties that havebeen needed have been obtained within moderate hauling distance from therailroad line. The average requirements in oak ties per year for renewals are 310 permile, aggregating, in round numbers, 800,000 ties per year for the entire prevailing prices 800,000 ties cost per annum about $315,000, which is shownto be about 15 per cent over the cost of a like number ten years ago. Thistotal i
. Steel rails; their history, properties, strength and manufacture, with notes on the principles of rolling stock and track design . oak is indigenous, and up to quite recently all the crossties that havebeen needed have been obtained within moderate hauling distance from therailroad line. The average requirements in oak ties per year for renewals are 310 permile, aggregating, in round numbers, 800,000 ties per year for the entire prevailing prices 800,000 ties cost per annum about $315,000, which is shownto be about 15 per cent over the cost of a like number ten years ago. Thistotal is far below what some railroads less fortunately situated must pay fora like number. The general distribution and character of the original forests f of theUnited States are shown by Fig. 75. A glance at this discloses that five groups * Proceedings of The American Forest Congress, Washington, 1905, p. 265. t The Timber Supply of the United States, Kellogg. Forest Service, Circular 97. OriginalForests, R. S. Kellogg, Vol. 2, pp. 179, 180. Report of the National Conservation Commission, Feb-ruary, 1909. SUPPORTS OF THE RAIL 107. of states embrace the natural timbered areas of the country, — the Northeasternstates, the Southern states, the Lake states, the Rocky Mountain states andthe Pacific states. Of these, the two groups last mentioned are occupied byforests in which practically all the timber-producing trees are coniferous, the 108 STEEL RAILS first three of both conifers and hardwoods. The earliest attack was uponthe white pine of the Northeast, the original stand of which is almostentirely cut out. The Northeastern states reached their relative maximum in 1870 and theLake states in 1890. The Southern states are undoubtedly near their maximumto-day, and the time of ascendency of the Pacific states is rapidly will be no more shifting after the Pacific states take first place, sincethere is no new region of virgin timber to turn to. The percentage of the t
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