. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. EVOLUTION: A MOLECULAR POINT OF VIEW 339 SIVcpzAnt * HIV-1/O * HIV-1/O SIVcpzGab * HIV-1/A * HIV-1/B SIVMND. * SIVMAC * HIV-2 Figure 1. Schematic diagram summarizing the phylogenetic relation- ships among primate lentiviruses. The simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) have a subscript denoting the species from which they were isolated: these are chimpanzee (CPZl. mandnll (MND). white-crowned mangabey (WCM), African green monkey (AGM), baboon (BABt. patas monkey (PAM). Sykes' monkey (SYK), sooty mangabey (SM). and macaque (MA
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. EVOLUTION: A MOLECULAR POINT OF VIEW 339 SIVcpzAnt * HIV-1/O * HIV-1/O SIVcpzGab * HIV-1/A * HIV-1/B SIVMND. * SIVMAC * HIV-2 Figure 1. Schematic diagram summarizing the phylogenetic relation- ships among primate lentiviruses. The simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) have a subscript denoting the species from which they were isolated: these are chimpanzee (CPZl. mandnll (MND). white-crowned mangabey (WCM), African green monkey (AGM), baboon (BABt. patas monkey (PAM). Sykes' monkey (SYK), sooty mangabey (SM). and macaque (MAC). There are four species of African green monkeys, vervet. grivet, tantalus, and sabaeus monkeys; viruses from each exhibit similar levels of diversity to that shown for the two examples of SIVAOMver. For HIV-1, representatives of the O group, and of the A and B subtypes of the M group, are shown. This composite phylogeny was adapted from Jin et al. (19), Sharper al. (15), Vanden Haesevelde et al. (27). and Bibollet-Ruche et al. (8). See Figure 2 for more detail of the relationships among HIV-2. SIVSM and SIVMAC. Asterisks indicate viruses inferred to have arisen from recent cross-species transmissions. wild, namely sooty mangabeys and African green monkeys (the Cercopithecus aethiops super-species), it is primarily adults that are seropositive, leading to the hypothesis that SIV is normally transmitted through sexual activity. The vast majority of chimpanzees that have been tested were taken from the wild as juveniles or bred in captivity; and so higher rates of SIV infection might be found if wild adult chimpanzees were tested. On balance, chimpanzees seem the most likely direct source of HIV-1, but it cannot be ruled out that both humans and chimpanzees have acquired a virus from a third species, presumably a small African monkey (2). Sequences have been determined for isolates of HIV-1 from all over the world. These viruses fall into two quite distinct phylogenetic
Size: 1311px × 1906px
Photo credit: © Library Book Collection / Alamy / Afripics
License: Licensed
Model Released: No
Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
