American football . hout advance and with-out allowing the opponents any chanceof securing possession of the ball, proveda means by which a weak team couldavoid defeat. The whole object of the 20 • AMERICAN FOOTBALL. match was thus frustrated, the game re-sulting in no score. To meet this difficulty a rule was in-troduced making it incumbent upon aside to advance the ball five yards or re-treat with it ten in three ^Mowns.* Ifthis advance or retreat were not accom-plished, the ball went at once into thepossession of the opponents. Neverdid a rule in any sport work so immedi-ate and satisfactor
American football . hout advance and with-out allowing the opponents any chanceof securing possession of the ball, proveda means by which a weak team couldavoid defeat. The whole object of the 20 • AMERICAN FOOTBALL. match was thus frustrated, the game re-sulting in no score. To meet this difficulty a rule was in-troduced making it incumbent upon aside to advance the ball five yards or re-treat with it ten in three ^Mowns.* Ifthis advance or retreat were not accom-plished, the ball went at once into thepossession of the opponents. Neverdid a rule in any sport work so immedi-ate and satisfactory a reform as did thisfive-yard rule. Within the last few years there hasbeen no important change in the conductof the American game, nor in the of the above-mentioned pointsof difference between it and the Eng-lish game, there is only that of the meth-ods of enforcing rules and determiningdifferences. The English have a refe-ree and two umpires, although the um-pires are sometimes replaced by touch-. W. A. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN RUGBY. 21 judges. The umpires act, as did thejudges in our game of ten years ago, asadvocates for their respective sides, andit is this advocacy which is causing themto fall into disfavor there exactly asthey did here. Touch-judges merelywatch the lines of the field, and decidewhen and where the ball goes intotouch. In cases where they are em-ployed, the referee renders all decisionsupon claim of the captains. In ourmethod there is a division of labor, butalong different lines. Our two officials,the umpire and referee, have their sepa-rate provinces, the former ruling uponthe conduct of players as to off-side andother offences, while the latter deter-mines questions of fact as to when theball is held or goes into touch, alsowhether a goal is kicked or not. As therule has it, the umpire is judge for theplayers, and the referee for the ball. END RUSHER The end rusher must get into condi-tion early. Unless he does, he cannot
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