. Electric railway journal . necessary materials at the various storage yardsas well as the unloading of same at the place of renewalTt also includes the cost of transportation and the cost ofremoval of old or left-over material. Since the transportation is done by a subsidiary company, which adds profit and over-head expense to the net cost, this item may differ considerablyfrom that obtained on other railways. Under miscellaneousare included the expense of city inspectors, expense incurredwhen portable crossovers are used for divergence of carsduring renewal, watchmens wages, and incidental
. Electric railway journal . necessary materials at the various storage yardsas well as the unloading of same at the place of renewalTt also includes the cost of transportation and the cost ofremoval of old or left-over material. Since the transportation is done by a subsidiary company, which adds profit and over-head expense to the net cost, this item may differ considerablyfrom that obtained on other railways. Under miscellaneousare included the expense of city inspectors, expense incurredwhen portable crossovers are used for divergence of carsduring renewal, watchmens wages, and incidental engineeringexpense. The total of these three items—labor, handling andmiscellaneous—therefore includes everything except the costof materials. On account of the unsettled labor conditions prevailingsince the beginning of the war, the costs given are based onpre-war wages, the average track labor on which these costsare based is 20 cents per hour, including the foremans wages. 958 ELECTRIC RAILWAY JOURNAL [Vol. 50, No. 21. DRIVING ONE SET OF CLIPS INTO POSITION WITH SLEDGES PLACING THE OPPOSITE CLIPS IN THE STEEL TIES Time Studies in Applying Twin SteelTie Fastenings In order to determine the speed with which railclips can be applied to International steel twin ties,time checks have been made on several four-man gangsengaged in applying the fastenings. These gangs werecomposed of average foreign labor, and they were notaware that the speed of their work was being average of a large number of time checks showedthat it required only two and one-half minutes for eachgang to move forward and apply the eight fasteningsto one tie. This is equivalent to gaging and spikingthree wooden ties, the same number of men being re-quired in each case. The sequence of operations is shown in the accom-panying illustrations. After completing the fasteningson one tie the gang, equipped with two 12-lb. sledges,moved forward to the next tie. The eight clips andfour wedges were distribu
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