. The spell of Italy. bon. Southern Italy, with Naples andSicily, was known as the Kingdom of the Two Sicihesand had on its throne a Bourbon tyrant. Northwardfrom this principahty, reaching from the Tiber to thePo, again Aztalos sketched in the map of Italy withhis fork, were the States of the Church, known betterperhaps as the Papal States. Over them the Popewas temporal as well as ecclesiastical ruler. On thewest of these lay the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, underthe rule of an Austrian prince, and across the baseof the Alps the great territories of Piedmont, Lom-bardy, and Venetia, all, save Pie
. The spell of Italy. bon. Southern Italy, with Naples andSicily, was known as the Kingdom of the Two Sicihesand had on its throne a Bourbon tyrant. Northwardfrom this principahty, reaching from the Tiber to thePo, again Aztalos sketched in the map of Italy withhis fork, were the States of the Church, known betterperhaps as the Papal States. Over them the Popewas temporal as well as ecclesiastical ruler. On thewest of these lay the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, underthe rule of an Austrian prince, and across the baseof the Alps the great territories of Piedmont, Lom-bardy, and Venetia, all, save Piedmont, subservientto Austria. Small states, such as Parma and Modcna,parcelled out to puppet princes, lay sprinkled aboutbetween. It was a time of terror and humiliation, outburstsof furious, desperate revolution alternating withperiods of sullen apathy. Each princeling wasbound to receive his orders from Austria, which inreturn kept him on his throne. Plotting and con-spiracy were the order of the day; the mysterious. GIUSEPPE MAZZINI. New Italy 31 secret political order, called the Carbonari, hadcome into being and had spread thiough the wholecountry. Mazzini had appeared and organized thegreat poUtical party of * Young Italy which de-manded a repubhc and would take nothing Garibaldi, who beheved in Italy, some onesays, as the Saints beheve in God, had in 1843 en-listed under Mazzinis banner. Their project men were exiled. Mazzini took refuge inSwitzerland and later in England. Garibaldi, bybirth and choice a sailor, sailed away to SouthAmerica and went into training for twelve years asa guerilla chief and buccaneer. Both men were backin Italy in 1848. That year 1848 was the year of crisis. Lombardyrose in rebellion against foreign tyranny and theAustrians were expelled from Milan. This event,the news of which reached Turin on March nine-teenth, fired Cavour with faith that the hour hadstruck for fulfilment of his dream of a free andunited Italy. Onl
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