. Clever Hans (the horse of Mr. Von Osten) a contribution to experimental animal and human psychology. Animal intelligence; Animal training; Horses; Psychology, Comparative. EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS 57 would. If, however, he stooped over slightly, Hans would immediately begin to tap, whether or not he had been asked a question. It seems almost ridiculous that this should never have been noticed before, but it is easily understood, for as soon as the questioner gave the problem he bent forward—^be it ever so slightly—in order to observe the horse's foot the more closely, for the foot was th
. Clever Hans (the horse of Mr. Von Osten) a contribution to experimental animal and human psychology. Animal intelligence; Animal training; Horses; Psychology, Comparative. EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS 57 would. If, however, he stooped over slightly, Hans would immediately begin to tap, whether or not he had been asked a question. It seems almost ridiculous that this should never have been noticed before, but it is easily understood, for as soon as the questioner gave the problem he bent forward—^be it ever so slightly—in order to observe the horse's foot the more closely, for the foot was the horse's organ of speech. Hans would invariably begin to tap when I stooped to jot down some note I wished to make. Even to lower the head a little was sufficient to elicit a response, even though the body itself. Fig. I. might remain completely erect. Of thirty tests made in this position, twenty-nine were successful. Hans would continue to tap until the questioner again resumed a com- pletely erect posture. If, for instance, I stooped forward after having told the horse to tap 13, and if I purposely remained in this position until I had counted 20, he would, without any hesitation, tap 20. If I asked him to add 3 and 4, but did not move until 14 was reached, he would tap 14. Twenty-six such tests gave similar results. The reaction of the horse upon such a signal for stopping showed slight modifications according to the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Pfungst, Oskar; Rahn, Carl Leo. New York, H. Holt and company
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