. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 148 S. L. JOHNSON AND P. O. YUND 50 40 1 30- |r 20 "ro X D A. D Botryllus schlosseri (15°C) A Botryllus schlosseri (22 ° C) V Diplosoma listeranutn O Cellaporella hyalina • Haliotis tuberculata A Arenicola marina » Asterias rubens T Nereis wrens + C/'ona intestinalis • Ascidella aspersa -*— Acanthaster planci • Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 0123456 Log (sperm ml'1) Figure 3. Sperm half-life (h) measured as a function of sperm concentration (log sperm ml ') in a variety of free-spawning marine invertebrates (sensu Ma
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 148 S. L. JOHNSON AND P. O. YUND 50 40 1 30- |r 20 "ro X D A. D Botryllus schlosseri (15°C) A Botryllus schlosseri (22 ° C) V Diplosoma listeranutn O Cellaporella hyalina • Haliotis tuberculata A Arenicola marina » Asterias rubens T Nereis wrens + C/'ona intestinalis • Ascidella aspersa -*— Acanthaster planci • Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 0123456 Log (sperm ml'1) Figure 3. Sperm half-life (h) measured as a function of sperm concentration (log sperm ml ') in a variety of free-spawning marine invertebrates (sensu Manriquez et ai. 2001. with additional values from this study and the literature). Botryllus schlosseri, this paper; D. listemnum. Bishop, 1998; C. hyalina. Manriquez et 2001; H. tnhcniilata, Powell et 2001; A. marina. N. virens, and A. nibens, Williams and Bentley. 2002; C. intestinalis and A. aspera, Bolton and Havenhand. 1996; A. planci, Benzie and Dixon, 1994; 5. droebachiensis, Levitan. 1993). Lines connect different values reported for individual species at multiple sperm concentrations. The four open symbols represent brooders; the remaining closed symbols are broadcasters. dilution effect (Chia and Bickell, 1983), but the combina- tion of high longevity and very low concentration has not previously been reported. In addition, Arenicola is an egg- broadcasting species that retains its eggs in a burrow and pumps sperm-laden water past them (Williams et 1997). Consequently, it appears to function much like an egg- brooder (Williams and Bentley. 2002). Prolonged motility has been observed in two species of deep-sea echinothuriid sea urchins, Araeosoma fenestratum and Sperosoma antil- lense (Young. 1994); but sperm concentrations were not reported and fertilization was not assayed. The presence of lipid stores attached to the mitochondria of these sperm may enable the sperm to swim for prolonged times (Eckelbarger ct 19S9; Young, 1994). However,
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