. The trackman's helper, a handbook for track foremen, supervisors and engineers . e line. The principal protection is the dis-tant flagmen, who not only display a red banner butplace torpedoes on the rail. The signalmen, whoseduty it is to bond the track further by means of awire shunt the track circuit so as to display the dan-ger signal at the nearest signal; but at the immediatelocation the foremans red flag is always in evidenceuntil replaced by a white one to indicate that all pro-tection may be withdrawn and traffic be allowed torun as usual. This assumes that all ties are fullyspiked,
. The trackman's helper, a handbook for track foremen, supervisors and engineers . e line. The principal protection is the dis-tant flagmen, who not only display a red banner butplace torpedoes on the rail. The signalmen, whoseduty it is to bond the track further by means of awire shunt the track circuit so as to display the dan-ger signal at the nearest signal; but at the immediatelocation the foremans red flag is always in evidenceuntil replaced by a white one to indicate that all pro-tection may be withdrawn and traffic be allowed torun as usual. This assumes that all ties are fullyspiked, all bolts inserted and made tight and at leasttwo bond wires are in place at each joint. IX EFFECTS OF THE WAVE MOTION OF RAIL ON TRACK RAIL MOVEMENTS As all rail movements are on the principle of thelever, there is of necessity an undulatory motion dur-ing the passage of every train, the principle of whichis illustrated in Fig. 25. The amount of this is de-pendent on the condition of the sub-grade, ballast,ties, rail and weight of the rolling stock. Any weak- S ^ Normal Track,. TracK under passing load. Fig. 25. Wave Action of Track Under Wlieels ness in the drainage, ballast, ties or rail will at onceshow itself when put into use. If not corrected atonce this will increase, and the destruction it cancause is likely to be serious. The less substantial thesuperstructure the greater ballast compression therewill be, and, of necessity, rough-riding track, 157 158 THE TRACKMANS HELPER If water be permitted to collect under the ties in ashort time they will churn, which action, unless takencare of, will prove destructive. IMovements or vibrations of any kind are objection-able in the track; and for that reason wood and stoneare used to absorb these as much as possible. The undulatory motion of the rail has the follow-ing- injurious effects: 1. Compresses the ties in the ballast. 2. Churns the ties. 3. Cuts the ties at the rail base. 4. Displaces the ballast. 5. Injures the roadbed.
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