. British journal of entomology and natural history. Natural history; Entomology. BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 12: 1999. Fig. 1. An Andrena fuha female (wing length circa 10 mm) emerges from its tunnel entrance around which there is a tumulus or 'volcano' of soil, material that she has removed from her nest during its construction. Photo: RJP (with permission, I BRA). another cleptoparasite bee, Nomada panzeri Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Anthophor- inae) (Richards, 1946; Gusenleitner, 1985). Strepsiptera comprise an order of 550 plus described species that are entomophagous endoparasites, attacking me
. British journal of entomology and natural history. Natural history; Entomology. BR. J. ENT. NAT. HIST., 12: 1999. Fig. 1. An Andrena fuha female (wing length circa 10 mm) emerges from its tunnel entrance around which there is a tumulus or 'volcano' of soil, material that she has removed from her nest during its construction. Photo: RJP (with permission, I BRA). another cleptoparasite bee, Nomada panzeri Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Anthophor- inae) (Richards, 1946; Gusenleitner, 1985). Strepsiptera comprise an order of 550 plus described species that are entomophagous endoparasites, attacking members of the following taxa: Zygento- ma, Mantodea, Blattodea, Ensifera, CaeJifera, Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera (Kinzelbach, 1978; Kathirithamby, 1989). Though they have a worldwide distribution and have for long attracted the attention of entomologists, they remain an understudied and enigmatic group. Their sexual dimorphism is extreme. The winged, short-lived males have a bizarre appearance whilst females are larviform and neotenic, most species remaining embedded within the abdomen or gaster of their hosts. A strepsipteran larva has a planidial primary larval stage that subsequently develops as an internal parasite of the juvenile stages of a host (Kinzelbach, 1978; Kathirithamby, 1989). Species identification, particularly of females, is difficult. Even the taxonomic position of the order is unclear, and has been debated since its erection by Kirby in 1813. The group was earlier considered to be related to, even a part of, the Coleoptera (Crowson, 1981; Lawrence & Newton. 1995). Kristensen (1991) suggested that the Strepsiptera are not members of the Endopterygota; he placed them as "Neoptera incertae sedis". Molecular phylogenetic analyses have more recently suggested that the Stepsiptera and Diptera are sister clades and therefore probably more closely related (Chalwatzis et al., 1996; Whiting et al., 1997).. Please
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