. History of France and Normandy, from the earliest times to the revolution of 1848. nfessions. These theyafterwards retracted, and were in consequence sentenced todeath as relapsed heretics and traitors. 25. Fifty-seven ofthe knights were, burned alive, and after some delay, Jamesde Molai and three others were put to death by the most ex-cruciating tortures, protesting the innocence of the order withtheir last breath. The property of the Templars was nomi-nally transferred to the Hospitallers, now called the knightsof Malta, but the greater part of it was retained by their per-secutors. 26. T
. History of France and Normandy, from the earliest times to the revolution of 1848. nfessions. These theyafterwards retracted, and were in consequence sentenced todeath as relapsed heretics and traitors. 25. Fifty-seven ofthe knights were, burned alive, and after some delay, Jamesde Molai and three others were put to death by the most ex-cruciating tortures, protesting the innocence of the order withtheir last breath. The property of the Templars was nomi-nally transferred to the Hospitallers, now called the knightsof Malta, but the greater part of it was retained by their per-secutors. 26. The expenses of the crusades and other wars, had soimpoverished the royal exchequer, that Philip debased thecoin to recruit his finances; an expedient which producedincalculable evils. Some of his regulations were, however,more valuable; he gave form and permanency to the courtsof justice, which the French call parliaments ; he introducedinto them legists, or men of the law, by whose report causeswere decided, and raised the legal profession to its proper im-portance in the Knight Templar. 120 HISTORY OF FRANCE. 27. If we were to judge of the national manners from thoseof the court during this reign, the following anecdote mustgive us a dreadful idea of them. Before the death of Philipthe Fair, the wives of his three sons were accused of of them was strangled in prison ; the second escaped bysaying that her marriage was null on account of kindred ; andthe third was reconciled to her husband. 28. Philip died by a fall from his horse while hunting, inthe 46th year of his age and 28th of his reign. 29. It was during this reign that the league of Swiss inde-pendence was formed. The emperor Albert of Austria, seeingthe spirit of liberty spreading among his subjects, thoughtthat he could stifle it by the rigours of a despotic cantons, that of Schweitz, which gave name to the en-tire confederacy, and those of Ury and Underswalden leaguedtogether in
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