. Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology. Biology. 116 BOTANY. adventitious buds which have not developed, and have been over- grown with the wood of the tree. Budding. — We have said a bud is a promise of a branch; it may be more, the promise of a new tree. If the owner of an apple tree or peach tree wishes to vary the quahty of fruit borne by the tree he may in the early fall cut a T-shaped incision in the bark and then insert a bud surrounded with a little bark from the tree bearing the desired fruit,* The bud is bound in place and left
. Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology. Biology. 116 BOTANY. adventitious buds which have not developed, and have been over- grown with the wood of the tree. Budding. — We have said a bud is a promise of a branch; it may be more, the promise of a new tree. If the owner of an apple tree or peach tree wishes to vary the quahty of fruit borne by the tree he may in the early fall cut a T-shaped incision in the bark and then insert a bud surrounded with a little bark from the tree bearing the desired fruit,* The bud is bound in place and left over the winter. When a shoot from the imbedded bud grows out the following spring it is found to have all the charac- ters of the tree from which it was taken. This process is known as budding. Grafting. — Of much the same nature is grafting. Here, however, a small portion of the stem of the closely allied tree is fastened into the trunk of the growing tree in such a man- ner that the two cut cambium layers will coincide. This will allow of the passage of food into the grafted part and insure the ultimate growth of the twig. Grafting and budding are of considerable economic value to the fruit grower, as it en- ables him to produce at will trees bearing choice varieties of fruit. Over fifty methods of grafting are described in agricultural books. Those more successfully used are the cleft graft and the so-called whip graft.^ Forestry. — The American forests have long been our pride. Not only do they form the source of a very great industry, but what is still more vitcl to us, they protect the source of much of our water supply. They also serve as a protection against wind, floods, and moving sands. In Germany, especially, this relation of forest to water supply has been for a long time recognized, and the German forester or caretaker of the forests is well known. In some parts of central Europe the value of the forests was recognized as early as the year 1300 , and ma
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