. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. 154 Bulletin Museum of Coinixirative Zoolo^ij, Vol. 150, No. 3 AAP LEi_. ; XADg + OP ^oK^ PCI fePv^ ^^ CLJ ^^i// fr^^ <;;?*=^^y/ i^PCE HH SH:LH,MH Figure 41. Lateral view of the branchial musculature after removal of the gills and mucous membranes in the gobie- sociform Alabes rufus. The sternohyoideus (SH) has w/ell-differentiated lateral (LH) and medial heads (MH); the ventral end of the supracleithrum (SCL) forms a distinct joint (CLJ) with the cleithrum. Other Abbreviations: AAP, adductor arcus palatini; AD, ad
. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. 154 Bulletin Museum of Coinixirative Zoolo^ij, Vol. 150, No. 3 AAP LEi_. ; XADg + OP ^oK^ PCI fePv^ ^^ CLJ ^^i// fr^^ <;;?*=^^y/ i^PCE HH SH:LH,MH Figure 41. Lateral view of the branchial musculature after removal of the gills and mucous membranes in the gobie- sociform Alabes rufus. The sternohyoideus (SH) has w/ell-differentiated lateral (LH) and medial heads (MH); the ventral end of the supracleithrum (SCL) forms a distinct joint (CLJ) with the cleithrum. Other Abbreviations: AAP, adductor arcus palatini; AD, adductor branchialis; AD5+OP, fifth adductor and obliquus posterior muscles; CB^,, ceratobranchials 1-5; CL, cleithrum; CLJ, supracleithrum-cleithral joint; H, heart; HH, hyoh- yoideus, cut and reflected to expose sternohyoideus; LE,_4, levatores externi 1-4; LI, levator internus; LP, levator posterior; OP, obliquus posterior; PCE, pharyngocleithralis externus; PCI, pharyngocleithralis internus; PH, pharyngoh- yoideus; PP, protractor pectoralis; SH, sternohyoideus with lateral head (LH) and medial head (MH); UH, urohyal. rine and occasionally freshwaters in the tropics and along many temperate sea- coasts. The dorsoventral flattening of the head and body is correlated with the ori- entation and shape of the bones of" the jaw suspension and opercular apparatus. Th(^ pterygoid bones in the palatoptery- goid arch are lost (Rosen and Patterson, 1969). Most of the specializations of" the gobiesociforms correlate with ecological zones involving rapid water exchange, such as the intertidal zone and steeply descending freshwater streams (Fig. 37). As observed by Springer and Fraser (1976), most of the specialized osteolog- ical characters shared by the gobiesoci- forms are reductional in nature: the loss of scales, basisphenoid, pterosphenoid, metapterygoid, mesopterygoid, suborbit- als (except lacrymal), and first infrapha- ryngobranchial. According to Springer and Fraser (197
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