Memorial essay on some phases of the maritime life of France and England directly traceable to the vikings . prove of interest. Macphersons Annals of Commerce.—Noels Histoire du Com-merce du Monde.—Pardessuss Us et cotumes de la mer. Mas La-tries Treaty of Peace and Commerce.—>Steintzs The Ship.—Lavisses Historie de France.— Worsaas Den danske Erobring afEngland og Normandiet.—Dondorffs Die Normannen.—JohnsonsThe Normans in Europe/—Freemans Norman Conquest. SehacksGeschichte der Normannen in Sicilien.—Alexander Bugge: Vik-ingerne.—Janin: La Normandie.—Brunots History of the FrenchLanguage.—
Memorial essay on some phases of the maritime life of France and England directly traceable to the vikings . prove of interest. Macphersons Annals of Commerce.—Noels Histoire du Com-merce du Monde.—Pardessuss Us et cotumes de la mer. Mas La-tries Treaty of Peace and Commerce.—>Steintzs The Ship.—Lavisses Historie de France.— Worsaas Den danske Erobring afEngland og Normandiet.—Dondorffs Die Normannen.—JohnsonsThe Normans in Europe/—Freemans Norman Conquest. SehacksGeschichte der Normannen in Sicilien.—Alexander Bugge: Vik-ingerne.—Janin: La Normandie.—Brunots History of the FrenchLanguage.—Suchiers Bibliotheca Normannica.—Fritzners Old-norks Ordbog.— Le Herichers Topographic Philology of Nor-mandy.—Hatzfeldt=Darmesteters French Dictionary. In conclu-sion I wish to thank the librarian at the Chicago Public Libraryand Mr. Sorensen of the Newberry Library for the invaluable as-sistance they have rendered. Chicago, 111., July 4, 1912. WILHELM PETTERSEN. ROLLO OF NORMANDY 17 SOME PHASES OF THEMARITIME LIFE OF FRANCE ANDENGLAND, DIRECTLY TRACE-ABLE TO THE r ROLLO OP NORMANDY a 19 SHIPBUILDING AND THE ARTOF NAVIGATION. Everybody admits that the Vikings of the North were in ahigh degree in possession of the qualities that go to make a great,sea-faring race. The Northmen, when in the eighth centnry they appear onthe coast of England, Scotland, and Ireland as pirates andtraders, are already in possession of all the art and crafts nec-essary to sail the sea. Some day we may even come to know somuch about our Northern ancestors and their life about theeighth century A. D., that we shall see how ridiculous it is to callthem savages, or even barbarians. A brisk trade was carried on with Finmarken, with theislands west of Norway, with Scotland and Ireland, even at thatearly period, when the historical appearance of the Normans wasyet no larger than a mans hand on the European horizon. One of the best attested facts about these terrible No
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