. The elasmobranch fishes . A B Fig. 105. Dorsal pharyngeal muscles. (Prom Tiesing.) A. Torpedo. B. Baja. , adductor mandibulae; csd., dorsal constrictor muscle; , levator hyoman- dibularis; lls.'^-', first to fifth slips of levator labiales; , levator maxillae; /.r., levator rostri. insertion of this muscle in Acanthias is interesting. Part of its fibers touch the hyomandibula and a number of other fibers impinge on the ceratohyoid; while still a third set joins a horizontal tendinous bridge, separating dorsal and ventral constrictors. Back of this tendon other fibers are conti
. The elasmobranch fishes . A B Fig. 105. Dorsal pharyngeal muscles. (Prom Tiesing.) A. Torpedo. B. Baja. , adductor mandibulae; csd., dorsal constrictor muscle; , levator hyoman- dibularis; lls.'^-', first to fifth slips of levator labiales; , levator maxillae; /.r., levator rostri. insertion of this muscle in Acanthias is interesting. Part of its fibers touch the hyomandibula and a number of other fibers impinge on the ceratohyoid; while still a third set joins a horizontal tendinous bridge, separating dorsal and ventral constrictors. Back of this tendon other fibers are continuous with the ventral constrictors. Those fibers inserted on the hyoid in Heterodontus and Squatina are sepa- rated into a kind of levator hyomandibularis. In the rays the levator hyo- mandibularis (, fig. 105) is a muscle of great importance. It may be in- serted on the hyomandibula at the angle {Torpedo, fig. 105a, ; Raja (fig. 105b) , or on the lower part as in Rhinohatis. In the rays those fibers back of the levator hyomandibularis and in front of the first cleft form the second dorsal constrictor proper. These fibers run practically in a horizontal direction. The remaining dorsal constrictors are similar to the second. A point or two, however, may be added. From the third to the fifth constrictors in the sharks
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