. Bulletin. Science. Figure 36.âGassner's dry cell, 1888. From T. Karass, Geschichte der Telegraphie, Braunsch- weig, 1909, p. 84. Once cells that produced a lasting current had been invented, the first commercial applications of electricity began to take place.^' In 1839 M. H. Jacobi introduced electrotyping as a means of accu- rately reproducing casts and engravings in metal.'^ A short time later, T. Spender and J. Wilson =' applied for a patent on a similar process in England. Essentially the same process of electrolysis used in electrotyping was used in electroplating, which appeared comme
. Bulletin. Science. Figure 36.âGassner's dry cell, 1888. From T. Karass, Geschichte der Telegraphie, Braunsch- weig, 1909, p. 84. Once cells that produced a lasting current had been invented, the first commercial applications of electricity began to take place.^' In 1839 M. H. Jacobi introduced electrotyping as a means of accu- rately reproducing casts and engravings in metal.'^ A short time later, T. Spender and J. Wilson =' applied for a patent on a similar process in England. Essentially the same process of electrolysis used in electrotyping was used in electroplating, which appeared commercially at this time. However, it was quite difficult to discover the proper chemical and electrical conditions for electroplating. Auguste de la Rive devised a process to electroplate gold on silver and steel.''' It has been reported °' that Jacobi used his electrotyping technique to gild the iron dome of the Cathedral of St. Isaac in St. Petersburg. The Elkington firm in Manchester had started elec- troplating with zinc as early as 1838. Two years later John Wright of Manchester invented the cyanide process of gold and silver plating and sold it to the pioneering Elkington ^ (This firm also was the first to make commercial use of a gener- atorâfor electroplating. The Elkington techniques were introdued into the United States through the Scoville firm ^' in Waterbury, Connecticut.) These new processes of electrotyping and electroplating soon replaced reproduction by stereotype and silver plating by heating silver in intimate contact with copper. Besides the chemical effects of the electric current, other effects were noticed. One of these was the mechanical effect produced by the galvanic current 5' The process of electroplating shares with the electromag- netic telegraph the distinction of having beeen among the first commercially successful applications of the electric current. â >- M. H. Jacobi, "On the Method of Producing Copies of Engraved Copper-Plate
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