. Bulletin - Southern California Academy of Sciences. Science. 138 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Fig. 3. Relationship between size and % of time spent roaming by male Brachyistius frenatus\ 77 = 20. frenatiis males will successfully court females similar in size and ones smaller than themselves. Time budget observations revealed some evidence of a relationship between male size and time spent roaming, where smaller males roamed more often. This increased roaming may be a result of agonistic male-male interactions which forces smah males to spend more time moving to avoid conflict wi
. Bulletin - Southern California Academy of Sciences. Science. 138 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Fig. 3. Relationship between size and % of time spent roaming by male Brachyistius frenatus\ 77 = 20. frenatiis males will successfully court females similar in size and ones smaller than themselves. Time budget observations revealed some evidence of a relationship between male size and time spent roaming, where smaller males roamed more often. This increased roaming may be a result of agonistic male-male interactions which forces smah males to spend more time moving to avoid conflict with larger males, or smaller males may have to travel farther or more often than larger males in order to find receptive females. Regardless of the cause, since smaher males appear to roam more frequently, be slightly less successful during courtship than larger males, and perhaps mate with smaller females that will produce fewer offspring than large females, small male Brachyistius frenatus must have lower reproductive success than larger males. The fact that aggressive interactions between males continued in the absence of courtship activity and only in the habitat where courtship occurred (understory algae) and not in the habitat used solely for feeding (giant kelp) indicates that agonism in kelp perch is primarily used as a mechanism to defend mating sites and access to females. DeMartini's (1988) study of kelp perch supports this conclusion, as do several other studies of embiotocid species, which have revealed similar aggressive behavior in males (Hubbs, 1921; Shaw & Allen, 1977; Hixon, 1981). The observations of male interruptions and agonism suggest that male-male interactions are governed by a size-based dominance hierarchy predicated on access to females, as has been widely noted in other fishes (, Robertson & Choat, 1974; Downhower et al., 1983; Warner & Schultz, 1992). Because females did not search for mates (roam) or engage in agonistic interactions
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