Emile Zola (1840-1902), French novelist, author of several novels including, Germinal, l'Assommoir and the Rougon Macquart series. Also a political jo
Emile Zola (1840-1902), French novelist, author of several novels including, Germinal, l'Assommoir and the Rougon Macquart series. Also a political journalist, his article J'accuse, attacking the miscarriage of justice in the trial of Alfred Dreyfus (the 'Dreyfus Affair'), was influential in promoting greater political liberalisation of France. Influenced by the evolution and biological ideas of Charles Darwin, in the 1860's he coined the term naturalism - “la nouvelle formuleâ€\x9D It began a literary movement using observation and the scientific method to portray reality in fiction, likening it to operating controlled experiments. Literary naturalism was characterised by a harsher form of realism and was adopted by several contemporary writers, particularly in America. However, this philosophical approach was relatively short-lived, and has invited criticism of ethnocentricity.
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