. Compendium of meteorology. Meteorology. -2 Fig. 1.—Antarctic and arctic summertime soundings. Tlie curve for Little America III (78°30'S, 163°50'W) is based on tliirteen soundings during tlie period 1-15 January 1941 [47]. Tlie curve for Operation Higlijump (70°-75°S, 160°W-165°E) is based on tliirty-four soundings from 14 Januarj? to 8 Feb- ruary 1947 [3]. Tlie data for Arctic Bay, Canada (73°16'N, 84°17'W) are from 152 soundings during July, 1943-47 [134]. The tropopause at Arctic Bay was computed separately. Despite these extensive suinmertime soundings, the 1940-41 series provides the on
. Compendium of meteorology. Meteorology. -2 Fig. 1.—Antarctic and arctic summertime soundings. Tlie curve for Little America III (78°30'S, 163°50'W) is based on tliirteen soundings during tlie period 1-15 January 1941 [47]. Tlie curve for Operation Higlijump (70°-75°S, 160°W-165°E) is based on tliirty-four soundings from 14 Januarj? to 8 Feb- ruary 1947 [3]. Tlie data for Arctic Bay, Canada (73°16'N, 84°17'W) are from 152 soundings during July, 1943-47 [134]. The tropopause at Arctic Bay was computed separately. Despite these extensive suinmertime soundings, the 1940-41 series provides the only information to date on the entire troposphere and lower stratosphere through- out the year. The 265 days covered by the 1940-41 data can be extended another twenty-two days by the 13 Highjump flights made from ships in the Bay of Whales and 21 others made in the Ross Sea south of 75°S. Close agreement between the averages of these 34 shipboard ascents and the 13 at Little America six years earlier is shown in Fig. 1; also plotted for com- parison are the average temperatures of the warmest month, July, at North America's coldest aerological station: Arctic Bay, Canada (73°16'N, 84°17'W, 11 m ), the only station on the continent at which the mean monthly temperature at 850 mb is never above freezing [134]. Wintertime. The Little America soundings show the tropopause in summer at roughly 9 km, — 50C, and slightly higher and much colder in winter, at 10 km, — 70C. The annual variation in stratosphere tempera- tures and lapse rates is so great that in summer it is warmer than — 40C above 14 km, while in winter the stratosphere lapse rate approaches that of the tropo- sphere and the tropopause tends to disappear [45]. Interpretation of the wintertime soundings is difficult because the extreme cold imposed an effective ceiling on the balloons, so that the higher soundings were all in warmer-than-average air. This tendency is shown by a diagram (Fig. 2) of t
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