. Atoll research bulletin. Coral reefs and islands; Marine biology; Marine sciences. Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) hanging roots are the primary solid substrata along mangrove channels at Twin Cays and their vertical orientation assures optimal protection from silting. Sponges and ascidians make up most of the biomass of epibionts. Sponges shown include Lissodendoryx cf. isodictyalis (bluish gray), Tedania ignis (orange massive), Scopalina ruetzleri (orange encrusting), and Haliclona manglaris (turquoise); the ascidians are Distaplia corolla (deep orange knobby structures), which also overg
. Atoll research bulletin. Coral reefs and islands; Marine biology; Marine sciences. Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) hanging roots are the primary solid substrata along mangrove channels at Twin Cays and their vertical orientation assures optimal protection from silting. Sponges and ascidians make up most of the biomass of epibionts. Sponges shown include Lissodendoryx cf. isodictyalis (bluish gray), Tedania ignis (orange massive), Scopalina ruetzleri (orange encrusting), and Haliclona manglaris (turquoise); the ascidians are Distaplia corolla (deep orange knobby structures), which also overgrow sponges. (Photo, L. M-Penland).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Smithsonian Institution. Press; National Research Council (U. S. ). Pacific Science Board; Smithsonian Institution; National Museum of Natural History (U. S. ); United States. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Washington, D. C. : [Smithsonian Press]
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