. Outlines of nineteenth century history. h French affairsduring the period under review. To these authorities add the following :Martin, A Popular History of France, vols, ii (last part) and hi; Hano-taux, Contemporary France ; Bodley, France (a study of political insti-tutions) ; Dickinson, Revolution and Reaction in Modern France; Cou-bertin, The Evolution of France under the Third Republic; and Lebonand Pelet, France as It Is. For the Second Empire : Jerrold, The life of Napoleon III, andForbes, The Life of Napoleon the Third. For brief summaries of the events of the period: Lebon, ModernF


. Outlines of nineteenth century history. h French affairsduring the period under review. To these authorities add the following :Martin, A Popular History of France, vols, ii (last part) and hi; Hano-taux, Contemporary France ; Bodley, France (a study of political insti-tutions) ; Dickinson, Revolution and Reaction in Modern France; Cou-bertin, The Evolution of France under the Third Republic; and Lebonand Pelet, France as It Is. For the Second Empire : Jerrold, The life of Napoleon III, andForbes, The Life of Napoleon the Third. For brief summaries of the events of the period: Lebon, ModernFrance, chaps, viii-xvi; Duruy, A History of France; Adams, TheGrowth of the French Nation, chap, xviii; and Hassall, The FrenchPeople, chaps, xviii-xxi and xxiii. Topics for Class Reports. — 1. Louis Napoleon before 1848. 2. TheParis Commune of 1871. 3. Alfred Dreyfus. 4. Ferdinand de Lessepsand the Panama Canal. 5. France and the Vatican, or the annulment in1905 of the Concordat of 1801 and the separation of State and Church Fig. 3. — Queen Victoria as a Young Woman(After a painting by Patridge) CHAPTER III ENGLAND SINCE THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO (1815-1906) m 13. The Four Chief Matters. — English history during the nine-teenth century embraces a multitude of events. A short chaptercovering the entire period will possess no instructive value unlessit reduces the heterogeneous mass of facts to some sort of unityby placing events in relation with their causes, and thus showshow they are connected with a few broad national movementsor tendencies. Studying the period in this way, we shall find that very manyof its leading events may be summed up under the four follow-ing heads: (1) progress towards democracy; (2) extension ofthe principle of religious equality; (3) Englands relations withIreland; and (4) the growth of the British colonial empire. We shall attempt nothing more in the present chapter than toindicate the most prominent matters that should claim the stu-


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