. Bulletin - Biological Survey. Zoology, Economic. BLEMISHES IN TULIP TREE. 77 THE MAGNOLIA FAMILY (MAGNOLIACE^E). Small, intensely black stains, the effects of which are confined to the wood immediately adjoining the original injury, result from sap- sucker work in bull bay (Longbridge, La.), the only defective mag- nolia wood examined; and long black stains following the grain are produced in the tulip tree, one of the most useful of our native trees. These blemishes unfit the lumber for its most profitable uses. Tulip tree, yellow poplar, or whitewood (Liriodendron tuli- fifera).—Tulip tree
. Bulletin - Biological Survey. Zoology, Economic. BLEMISHES IN TULIP TREE. 77 THE MAGNOLIA FAMILY (MAGNOLIACE^E). Small, intensely black stains, the effects of which are confined to the wood immediately adjoining the original injury, result from sap- sucker work in bull bay (Longbridge, La.), the only defective mag- nolia wood examined; and long black stains following the grain are produced in the tulip tree, one of the most useful of our native trees. These blemishes unfit the lumber for its most profitable uses. Tulip tree, yellow poplar, or whitewood (Liriodendron tuli- fifera).—Tulip trees are very commonly worked on by sapsuckers and frequently are covered with girdles and single punctures from top to bottom. In the healing of sapsucker wounds, inward projec- tions arc usually formed on the in- ner side of the bark, and when close together they combine into a low irregular ridge. These elevations cause depressions in the succeeding annual rings and a curly condition of the grain which in tangential section appears as bird's-eye (PI. XII). This is often abundant in yellow poplar and enhances the beauty of the wood. Bird's-eye is, however, accompanied by holes and stains resulting from the origi- nal wounds, and while some pieces showing bird's-eye and not the defects can be secured from every tree showing sapsucker work, prob- ably the proportion of such boards or veneer from any tree is not \ large. To have the greater part of . -. L Fig. 27.—Effects of sapsucker work on wood of tlie WOOU Ornamented and at the shin oak {Quercus undulata). Checks, stain, same time free from sapsucker and gDarly grain- defects would require that the tree be liberally punctured in one or a few successive years and left untouched thereafter. But this is not the way sapsuckers usually work. Favorite trees are moderately pecked year after year for a long time; hence stains are produced throughout the wood. If a tree is only sparingly pecked for one or a few years, the ornamental
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