. Preventive medicine and hygiene. matter in the pits and then deposit it and feed upon the food prepared for the soldiers atthe mess tents. In some instances, where lime had recently been sprinkledover the contents of the pits, flies with their feet whitened with lime wereseen walking over the food. Vaughan subsequently stated that he con-sidered that about 15 per cent, of the cases of typhoid in the camps werecaused by fly transmission. Alice Hamilton ^ isolated typhoid bacilli from 5 out of 18 house flies captured in Chicago inthe privies and fence neara sick room. It has beenshown experime
. Preventive medicine and hygiene. matter in the pits and then deposit it and feed upon the food prepared for the soldiers atthe mess tents. In some instances, where lime had recently been sprinkledover the contents of the pits, flies with their feet whitened with lime wereseen walking over the food. Vaughan subsequently stated that he con-sidered that about 15 per cent, of the cases of typhoid in the camps werecaused by fly transmission. Alice Hamilton ^ isolated typhoid bacilli from 5 out of 18 house flies captured in Chicago inthe privies and fence neara sick room. It has beenshown experimentallythat living typhoid bacillimay remain in or uponthe bodies of flies for aslong as 23 days after in-fection. Howard studied flyabundance in relation tothe origin and prevalence of typhoid fever in the District of Columbiain the summer of 1908.^ No particular correlation between the preva-lence of the flies and the prevalence of the disease could be made undoubtedly spread the infection of typhoid fever, but the im-. FiG. 34.—^WiNG OF Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans). ^Jour. A. M. 1903. 40, p. .576.^ Rosenan, Liimsdeii. and Kastle:Hygienic Laboratory Bull. No. 52. Report No. 3, 1908, P. H. and M. H. S., 253 INSECT-BORNE DISEASES portance of the role they play in this regard varies considerably withcircumstances. In camps, unsewered towns, and overcrowded places inpoor sanitary condition the danger from flies may be considerable, buteven under the worst conditions it is doubtful whether flies ever playthe major role or are responsible for the bulk of typhoid fever, as hasbeen stated. In a well-sewered city, such as Washington, we concludedthat the flies are probably responsible but for an occasional case of thedisease. It is very difficult in any particular instance to know quantita-tively just how much of the infection is conveyed by flies and how muchby contacts. The danger of flies is great enough without the need ofexaggeration, and their suppression full
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