. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 120 FUTURE OF AQUATIC RESEARCH IN SPACE. Figure 2. Phase contrast (top) and contbcal fluorescence (middle, bottom) images of a cultured Lymmwa slagnalis neuron before (top, middle) and min after) a solution change that elicited VLDs (bot- tom). The fluorescence images are confocal slices near the substrate. Fluorescence is from the membrane dye, dil. Neurons were stained (and made to swell) by adding distilled water plus dil (yielding a swell- ing medium osmolarity of about normal) for 2 min. Excess dye was removed
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 120 FUTURE OF AQUATIC RESEARCH IN SPACE. Figure 2. Phase contrast (top) and contbcal fluorescence (middle, bottom) images of a cultured Lymmwa slagnalis neuron before (top, middle) and min after) a solution change that elicited VLDs (bot- tom). The fluorescence images are confocal slices near the substrate. Fluorescence is from the membrane dye, dil. Neurons were stained (and made to swell) by adding distilled water plus dil (yielding a swell- ing medium osmolarity of about normal) for 2 min. Excess dye was removed by several washes with the isosmotic saline. These washes shrank the swollen neuron, eliciting VLDs, bottom. (Because only a single confocal slice of the cell near the substrate is seen, volume that enables them, in the face of changing mechanical stresses, to regulate their cell surface area and to keep membrane tension close to a set point. So, how do neurons monitor their mechanical status? Adhesion to a substrate is critical to the VLD events we observe. Therefore, we suggest that neurons monitor and adjust their membrane tension and their surface area by using a sensor-effector system (, mechanosensitive membrane disposition) that works in concert with a cy- toskeletal adhesion-based sensor-effector system (see Wang el a/.. 1993). Although the popular idea of a mon- itoring role for mechanosensitive neuronal channels is not completely ruled out, evidence suggests that ion channel mechanosensitivity is deployed effectively in specialized receptor neurons (Oliet and Bourque, 1996), whereas it is suppressed in general-purpose neurons (Morris and Horn, 1991; Small and Morris, 1994; Pao- letti and Ascher, 1994). Acknowledgments Supported by grants from NSERC, Canada, and by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario. Literature Cited Dai, J., and M. P. Sheetz. 1995. Mechanical properties of neuronal growth cone membranes studied by tether formation with laser op- tical twe
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