. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1988 Richard and Campbell: Status of the Atlantic Walrus 339. Figure 3. Approximate historical distribution of Atlantic Walrus in Canada [Based on Mansfield (1976) and Reeves (1978)]. Greenland, (3) Svalbard and Franz Josef Land, (4) Kara Sea — Novaya Zemlya, and (5) Laptev Sea. Walrus distribution in North America ranges over the Bering and Chukchi Seas in the west where the large-sized Pacific Walrus occurs. Pacific Walrus have been sighted in the Canadian Beaufort Sea in summer and fall but these occurences are exceptional (Fay 1982). The smaller Atlantic Wa
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1988 Richard and Campbell: Status of the Atlantic Walrus 339. Figure 3. Approximate historical distribution of Atlantic Walrus in Canada [Based on Mansfield (1976) and Reeves (1978)]. Greenland, (3) Svalbard and Franz Josef Land, (4) Kara Sea — Novaya Zemlya, and (5) Laptev Sea. Walrus distribution in North America ranges over the Bering and Chukchi Seas in the west where the large-sized Pacific Walrus occurs. Pacific Walrus have been sighted in the Canadian Beaufort Sea in summer and fall but these occurences are exceptional (Fay 1982). The smaller Atlantic Walrus occupies eastern Canadian arctic and sub-arctic waters (Mansfield 1958). Histori- cally, the Atlantic Walrus's range in Canada (Figure 3) included the eastern Arctic, the coasts of Hudson Bay and Labrador, as well as parts of the Atlantic seaboard and Gulf of St. Lawrence (Mansfield 1959; Reeves 1978). As with other marine mammals the distribution may be related to climatic fluctuations {see Vibe 1967). Temperature, water depth and availability of suitable haul-out sites (preferably on ice) and adjacent feeding banks may also be important (Dunbar 1956; Harington 1966; Fay and Ray 1968; Reeves 1978). The Walrus may have ranged much further south during the great Ice Period. Fossil evidence indicates that the modern Walrus may have ranged as far south as Georgia and the Carolinas (Manville and Favour 1960). Although the Carolina records are questionable (Ray et al. 1968), the centre of Walrus abundance during the Pleistocene was likely around the area of present day New York in the western Atlantic and southwest Britain in the eastern Atlantic (Davies 1958). It is obvious that the present range is much further north than that of Walrus during the ice age and that this "natural" expansion and contraction of the range constrains intelligible discussion of "original populations". For this paper "original population" is that population which exist
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